The new science of UAP & USO

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The new science of Unidentified Aerial and Submarine Phenomena

Presentation and Analysis: Stavros Hatzopoulos PhD

02/19/2026 - 32 minutes read

Presentation and Analysis: Stavros Chatzopoulos, PhD

At the end of 2024, Dr. Kevin Knuth brought together 36 scientists and researchers of the Phenomenon from around the globe, with the aim of outlining its worldwide presence. In this specific project, I participated as scientific advisor to the UAPcheck federation (GRUFON-ERENZΩ had not yet been established). Dr. Knuth had two primary objectives:

To refute the common misconception that UAP are solely an American phenomenon; and
To demonstrate that UAP can be studied scientifically — and in fact, already have been.

The group’s main goal was to produce a NEW study that would enable future research to build upon the rich body of previously documented cases and experiences. This scientific study was published in June 2025 in the journal Progress in Aerospace Sciences. It reviews historical and contemporary scientific investigations concerning Unidentified Aerospace–Submarine Phenomena (UAP), formerly known as UFOs, highlighting global research efforts and governmental investigations from 1933 to the present. What follows is a concise summary of this important work.

THE NEW SCIENCE OF UAP

The present study examines the scientific landscape of Unidentified Aerial–Submarine Phenomena (UAP) and the historical framework of governmental efforts to investigate these phenomena.

UAP refer to unidentified objects or phenomena that cannot be immediately recognized as conventional.
The term has evolved, with the U.S. Congress redefining it to include both aerospace and submarine phenomena.
The Pentagon’s All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) is responsible for providing ongoing reports to Congress regarding UAP.
The scientific study of UAP faces challenges, including the rarity of sightings and skepticism within the scientific community.

Historical Context of UAP Studies

This section outlines historical efforts to study UAP, emphasizing international and governmental research.

UAP studies date back to antiquity, with significant events occurring in the late 1800s and early 1900s.
Early sightings in Scandinavia during the 1930s led to military investigations, with 487 reports filed in Sweden, Norway, and Finland.
During World War II, RAF pilots reported unknown objects, prompting investigations by distinguished scientists.
The 1947 wave of sightings marked a significant rise in public interest and governmental concern regarding UFOs.

Governmental Efforts to Investigate UAP

This section details various governmental programs and initiatives aimed at studying UAP, particularly in the United States.

The U.S. government launched Project SIGN in January 1948 to investigate UFOs, collecting several hundred reports from multiple sources.
The Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP) was established to study UAP, focusing on military encounters and potential technologies.
The UAP Task Force (UAPTF) was created to collect and analyze UAP-related intelligence, ultimately leading to the establishment of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO).
Legislative actions, including the National Defense Authorization Acts (NDAA) of 2022 and 2023, formalized the government’s approach to UAP investigations.

Characteristics and Observables of UAP

This section describes defining characteristics of UAP as identified by the Pentagon’s AATIP program.

UAP are characterized by five observables: positive lift without visible propulsion surfaces, sudden acceleration, hypersonic velocities without signatures, transmedium travel, and low observability.
A sixth observable — biological effects on humans and animals — has been noted in certain close-encounter scenarios.
While many UAP cases are eventually misidentified, approximately 4%–40% remain unexplained after thorough investigation, indicating the need for further study.

Challenges in UAP Research

This section highlights the difficulties facing the scientific study of UAP.

UAP phenomena are neither repeatable nor controllable, complicating systematic data collection.
Witness reports are often dismissed as misidentifications or hoaxes, hindering serious scientific inquiry.
Historical skepticism within the scientific community has contributed to limited understanding and knowledge regarding UAP.

Unexplained UFO Sightings in 1948

In 1948, numerous unexplained UFO sightings were reported, leading to investigations and hypotheses regarding their origin.

On May 7, 1948, witnesses in Memphis, Tennessee observed 50–60 metallic objects moving in unusual formations.
On July 24, Eastern Airlines Flight 576 encountered a wingless, fuselage-shaped object near Montgomery, Alabama.
Brigadier General Erik H. Nelson reported unidentified aircraft over Scandinavia, suggesting the existence of advanced technology beyond known nations.
In November 1948, the estimate of Project Sign suggested that UFOs were not of domestic origin and hinted at a possible extraterrestrial explanation, but the Pentagon ordered the memorandum destroyed.
The final SIGN report rejected the extraterrestrial hypothesis and led to the renaming of the program as Project Grudge.

Green Fireballs and Project Twinkle

In late 1948, a series of green fireball sightings in New Mexico triggered military investigations and scientific inquiries.

Residents of Albuquerque reported green fireballs initially thought to be flares, but their increasing frequency raised concerns.
On December 5, 1948, multiple pilots reported bright green fireballs with unusual trajectories, prompting military investigations.
Astronomer Lincoln LaPaz concluded the objects were not meteors due to their flat trajectories and the absence of recovered meteorites.
A February 1949 conference determined the fireballs were likely non-meteoritic phenomena, leading to the creation of Project Twinkle.
Project Twinkle aimed to study luminous spheres but lacked sufficient funding and ultimately failed to reach firm conclusions, with key observations omitted from final reports.

Project Grudge and Public Perception

Project Grudge, launched in 1949, continued UFO investigations but aimed to downplay extraterrestrial interpretations.

It replaced Project Sign and focused on routine intelligence-gathering regarding sightings.
In December 1949, Donald Keyhoe published an article claiming UFOs were extraterrestrial spacecraft, prompting the Air Force to minimize public concern.
In May 1949, six adults observed a round object over the Rogue River; despite credible witnesses, it was dismissed as an aircraft.
Reports frequently concluded that sightings were explainable, reflecting the Air Force’s intention to reassure the public.

Project Blue Book and Scientific Inquiry

The Project Blue Book, established in 1952, aimed to investigate UFO sightings but ultimately focused on debunking them.

It succeeded Project Grudge and initially included serious investigations under Captain Edward Ruppelt.
The CIA criticized the Air Force’s handling of UFO cases, noting that about 20% remained unexplained.
The Robertson Panel recommended reducing public interest in UFOs and managing public perception, leading to stricter regulations for military personnel discussing the topic.
The Condon Report concluded that UFOs posed no threat and were unlikely to yield productive scientific study, resulting in the closure of Project Blue Book.

Canadian UFO Investigations: Project Magnet

Canada’s Project Magnet, launched in 1950, aimed to explore the relationship between geomagnetic phenomena and UFO propulsion.

Led by Wilbert Smith, it investigated the possible role of Earth’s magnetic field in UFO technology.
The program established a Canadian Flying Saucer Observatory equipped with scientific instruments to measure anomalies.
Despite intensive efforts, Project Magnet was terminated in 1954 due to negative publicity and governmental skepticism.

Sky Canada Project: Current Research

The Sky Canada Project, launched in 2022, aims to assess and manage UAP sightings in Canada.

It collects data from federal ministries and international partners, including G7 countries.
Preliminary reports indicate 600–1,000 sightings annually, with one in four Canadians claiming personal experience.
Recommendations include public data release, systematic investigations, and international research partnerships.

Historical UFO Research in France

France’s interest in UFOs evolved from military concern to organized scientific research between 1940 and 1968.

Civilian and scientific groups emerged, including the Ouranos Committee.
Influential figures such as Jacques Vallée contributed to classification systems and scientific dialogue.
The GEPAN, established in 1977 under Claude Poher, conducted formal investigations.
The 1999 COMETA Report highlighted national security and technological implications.
CNES later restructured its efforts, creating GEIPAN in 2005, which digitized archives and opened them to the public in 2009.

Developments in UAP Research in Russia

Scientific study of UAP in Russia fluctuated according to political and scientific climates.

In 1946, A.P. Kasantzev proposed linking the Tunguska event to extraterrestrial craft.
Research peaked between 1970–1986 with both civilian and military programs.
A 1971 U.S.–Soviet agreement acknowledged mutual concerns regarding unidentified objects affecting military operations.
In 2023, the Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics launched a UAP research initiative, inviting public submissions.

UAP Research and Initiatives in China

China’s approach to UAP studies is characterized by state control and selective international cooperation.

The Chinese military developed a triple-reporting system using AI-based data analysis.
In 2015, an international UFO research group was formed, though China’s participation fluctuated.
The South China Morning Post reported increasing sightings, reflecting growing military and civilian interest.
The only officially confirmed UFO sighting occurred in 1998 at a military air base.

Summary of Global UAP Research Efforts

Many nations have engaged in UAP research with varying levels of transparency and scientific rigor.

The United States, France, Russia, and China are among the most prominent.
Countries such as Argentina and Chile have demonstrated notable transparency by releasing declassified documents.
Numerous governments have established dedicated offices or committees to study UAP, reflecting growing global interest in the phenomenon.

UAP Activity Around Nuclear Facilities

UAP have frequently been reported near nuclear facilities, raising concerns about national security implications.

Robert Hastings has documented UAP sightings at nuclear installations since 1973, conducting interviews with more than 150 military personnel.
A 1949 FBI memorandum highlighted unidentified aircraft observed near sensitive military facilities, including Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Reports describe UAP hovering above ICBM silos, with incidents allegedly involving temporary shutdowns of nuclear missiles.
A notable case occurred at Malmstrom Air Force Base in 1967, where UAP were reportedly associated with missile malfunctions.

Physical Evidence from UAP Encounters

Physical evidence from UAP encounters is rare but has been documented in several notable cases.

The 1957 Ubatuba incident in Brazil involved debris reportedly from a UFO explosion; analyzed samples were described as highly pure magnesium.
The 1979 case of Deputy Val Johnson in Minnesota involved a collision with a luminous object, resulting in damage to his patrol car and unexplained injuries.
The 1971 landing in Delphos, Kansas left behind a glowing soil ring with unusual properties, which was chemically analyzed.
In 2014, a burning fragment that reportedly fell from a UAP in Delaware was studied, revealing palmitic acid and glassy materials.

Summary of UAP Landings

UAP landing reports often describe physical traces, including chemical residues and environmental damage.

The 1966 Haynesville case involved an intense luminous event followed by bark sample analysis.
The Delphos landing created a ring of luminous soil with hydrophobic properties.
The 1971 Council Bluffs incident involved molten metal allegedly falling from a UAP; analyses reportedly ruled out meteoritic origin.
The Dabrowka, Poland case involved a mysterious hole without displaced soil, suggesting unusual drilling-like activity.

Soil Sample Analysis from a UFO-Related Incident

Soil samples collected from a hole allegedly associated with a UFO revealed distinct mineral compositions.

Samples were taken from 0.5 meters depth inside the hole and compared with a control sample taken 10 meters away.
Phyllis Budinger analyzed the samples, focusing on calcium oxalate, which was absent.
The soil from the hole contained mainly quartz, kaolinite, and calcium carbonate, whereas the control sample lacked kaolinite and calcium carbonate.
Budinger noted that the control sample should have been taken at the same depth for accurate comparison.

Characteristics and Studies of “Angel Hair”

“Angel Hair,” a fibrous substance sometimes associated with UAP sightings, has been examined for biological origin.

It is described as a sticky, white fibrous material resembling spider silk that occasionally falls from the sky.
Budinger analyzed various samples, some unrelated to UAP, concluding that many had biological origins.
A 2005 Colorado case identified fibers as protein material, likely from caterpillars.
Cases in Iowa (1981) and Illinois (2016) linked similar fibers to caterpillar silk.
A 2000 West Virginia sample transformed into a gelatinous substance; analysis suggested similarity to caterpillar silk.

A historic case occurred in Florence, Italy, on October 27, 1954, during a football match, when witnesses observed cigar-shaped UFOs and falling fibers. Collected samples showed fibrous structure containing elements such as boron and silicon, though later degradation raised questions about contamination.

Transmedium Travel and Water Interaction

UAP have demonstrated reported transmedium capabilities, particularly involving water.

Observations describe transitions from air to water, suggesting performance beyond known human technology.
Historical accounts of USOs (Unidentified Submerged Objects) date back centuries.
Recent military encounters have emphasized the need to understand underwater UAP behavior, with the Pentagon acknowledging potential national security implications.

Ongoing Scientific Studies on UAP

Several scientific initiatives are currently applying rigorous methodologies to UAP research.

The Hessdalen Lights Project has operated since 1984, studying recurring luminous phenomena in Norway.
The UAlbany–UAPx collaboration collects and analyzes field data using advanced sensors and statistical methods.
IFEX in Germany develops detection systems for UAP and related aerospace monitoring.
The Galileo Project, led by Avi Loeb, seeks to detect extraterrestrial objects and systematically observe UAP through ground-based and satellite systems.

Citizen and Private Research Initiatives

Citizen-driven projects contribute actively to UAP research through innovative technologies.

Eye on the Sky uses mobile sensor platforms to detect aerial anomalies.
UAP Tracker employs multiple cameras and sensors to monitor the sky and livestream data.
The UFO Data Acquisition Project (UFODAP) focuses on low-cost optical tracking systems to enhance data collection capabilities.

Organizations Supporting UAP Research

Several organizations are dedicated to advancing scientific understanding of UAP.

The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) established a UAP Integration and Outreach Committee to address research challenges.
The National Aviation Reporting Center on Anomalous Phenomena (NARCAP) provides a confidential platform for pilots to report UAP encounters.
The Scientific Coalition for UAP Studies (founded 2017) promotes peer-reviewed research and scientific collaboration.
The Sentinel Center supports research and documentation of surveillance-related anomalies.
3AF SIGMA2 Commission studies unexplained UAP cases using interdisciplinary scientific methods.
The Society for UAP Studies works to establish UAP studies as a legitimate academic field and publishes the journal Lamina.
The SOL Foundation combines academic research with policy advisory efforts concerning UAP.

UAP Reports and Eyewitness Testimony

Collecting UAP reports from pilots and crew members is essential for aviation safety and scientific understanding.

There are 715 licensed commercial airlines worldwide.
U.S. airlines transported 853 million passengers in 2022 and 980 million in 2023.
Globally, airlines transported hundreds of billions of passengers over the same period, representing a vast pool of potential witnesses.
In 2022, the U.S. government received 366 aviation-related UAP reports, 171 of which were assessed as unexplained. In 2023, 270 reports were received, primarily from military pilots.
Pilots are considered valuable witnesses due to training and experience in identifying conventional aircraft and phenomena.
NARCAP guarantees pilot anonymity to encourage reporting without fear of professional repercussions.

Methodologies for UAP Data Collection

Effective methodologies and best practices are essential for the scientific study of UAP.

The use of multi-instrument systems is recommended to reduce error and increase data reliability, similar to multi-messenger astronomy.
Precise time synchronization between instruments is critical for accurate event correlation, with recommended video timing accuracy better than 3 milliseconds.
A variety of sensors should be employed, including optical systems operating across multiple wavelengths, infrared, radar, and other detection modalities.
Earth-observing satellites are increasingly recognized for their potential in UAP research, offering wide-area coverage and high-resolution data.
Citizen science initiatives are encouraged to leverage public participation in systematic data collection and analysis.

Social Sciences and Limitations in UAP Research

The social sciences have largely approached UAP by studying beliefs and perceptions rather than the phenomena themselves.

Many social scientists suspend judgment regarding the ontological status of UAP, focusing instead on belief systems.
This approach risks social reductionism, treating UAP as purely social constructs while overlooking potential real-world implications.
Notable exceptions include Alexander Wendt and Raymond Duvall, who argued that governmental denial of UAP could implicate issues of state sovereignty.
Scholars such as Diana Walsh Pasulka and Jeffrey J. Kripal explore intersections between UAP and religious or mystical experiences, suggesting the need for interdisciplinary methodologies.

Conclusion on the Evolution of UAP Research

UAP studies are evolving toward more rigorous scientific frameworks, moving away from purely forensic-style case investigations.

There is a shift from classical ufology toward observational science paradigms, emphasizing calibrated instrumentation and long-term monitoring.
Long-term, intergenerational research programs are required to break the historical cycle of dismissal within mainstream science.
Recent academic initiatives such as the Galileo Project and IFEX signal growing institutional commitment to serious scientific investigation.

Historical Context of UFO Research

Scientists studying UFO phenomena have historically faced skepticism and professional risks.

Camille Flammarion was dismissed from the Paris Observatory under director Urbain Le Verrier due in part to his public science outreach and speculation about extraterrestrial life.
Dr. Guérin turned to the British Flying Saucer Review after facing limited acceptance in mainstream scientific journals.
Article selections over time reflect recurring challenges: eyewitness diversity, technological ambiguity, and institutional resistance.

Contributions of Dr. Richard F. Haines

Richard F. Haines worked as a NASA research scientist beginning in 1967, focusing on aviation incidents and human factors.
He collected over 3,000 UFO sighting reports through interviews with pilots and air traffic controllers.
Author of three books and more than 50 scientific papers, contributing to the field for over 37 years.

Achievements of Paul R. Hill

Paul R. Hill was a distinguished aerodynamicist and chief scientist at NASA, awarded the NASA Exceptional Service Medal in 1969.
His book Unconventional Flying Objects was published posthumously, concluding that UFOs likely originate from beyond Earth.
His first UFO sighting in the 1950s influenced his later analytical research.

The Role of Rich Hoffman

Rich Hoffman began investigating UFOs at age 13 after the 1964 Socorro sighting.
Joined MUFON in 1969 and conducted over 1,000 investigations.
Co-founder of the Scientific Coalition for UAP Studies in 2017, now numbering nearly 400 members, primarily scientists and researchers.

The Evolving Perspective of Dr. J. Allen Hynek

J. Allen Hynek transitioned from skepticism to advocacy for serious scientific study.
Served as consultant to Project Sign, Grudge, and Blue Book.
Authored The UFO Experience, introducing the “Close Encounters” classification system.
Faced institutional resistance while promoting scientific inquiry.

Optical Research of Dr. Bruce Maccabee

Bruce Maccabee, a U.S. Navy physicist, analyzed brightness and photographic evidence of UFO sightings.
Investigated notable cases including the 1976 Iranian Air Force incident and the 1986 Japan Airlines sighting.

Advocacy of Dr. James McDonald

James E. McDonald supported scientific UFO research based on credible evidence.
Criticized the Condon Report for dismissive conclusions.
Emphasized the importance of trained observers.

Skepticism of Dr. Donald Menzel

Donald Menzel argued that UFO sightings were misidentifications of conventional phenomena.
Authored Flying Saucers – Myth – Truth – History.
His tenure at Harvard Observatory included controversial decisions affecting astronomical research directions.

Medical Research of Dr. Richard Niemtzow

Richard Niemtzow focused on medical effects associated with UFO encounters.
Developed the UFOMD program with a network of medical professionals.
Incorporated innovative acupuncture-based pain management techniques.

Research Contributions of Dr. Claude Poher

Claude Poher founded GEPAN in 1977 under CNES.
Played a significant role in France’s governmental UAP investigations.

Project Identification – Dr. Harley Rutledge

Harley Rutledge led Project Identification (1973–1981) in Missouri, studying recurring luminous phenomena with scientific instrumentation.
Despite technological limitations, the project inspired future structured field investigations.

Support of Dr. Peter Sturrock

Peter A. Sturrock advocated serious scientific study of UFOs.
Organized surveys showing 23% of astronomers favored UFO research.
Co-founded the Society for Scientific Exploration, providing a platform for unconventional scientific topics.

Historical Analysis of Dr. Michael Swords

Michael D. Swords has analyzed the historical development of UFO research.
Longtime board member of the J. Allen Hynek Center for UFO Studies.
Critically examined the Robertson Panel and Condon Committee findings.

The Multifaceted Career of Dr. Jacques F. Vallée

Jacques Vallée contributed to both UFO research and computing innovation.
Co-developed the first computerized map of Mars and contributed to early internet technologies.
His publications challenge conventional extraterrestrial-only explanations.

Recent Developments in UFO/UAP Research

France continues debate over governmental handling of UAP investigations.
Japan has formed parliamentary groups to examine UFO sightings and integrate research into mainstream science.
The U.S. government continues publishing UAP reports, while NASA states there is no evidence of extraterrestrials but acknowledges the possibility of life elsewhere.

Analytical Details of the Work

The New Science of Unidentified Aerospace–Undersea Phenomena (UAP)

Lead Author: Kevin H. Knuth

Co-authors include Philippe Ailleris, Hussein Ali Agrama, Eamonn Ansbro, Phyllis A. Budinger, Tejin Cai, Thibaut Canuti, Michael C. Cifone, Walter Bruce Cornet Jr., Frédéric Courtade, Richard Dolan, Laura Domine, Luc Dini, Baptiste Friscourt, Ryan Graves, Richard F. Haines, Rich Hoffman, Hakan Kayal, Sarah Little, Garry P. Nolan, Robert Powell, Mark Rodeghier, Edoardo Russo, Peter Skafish, Erling Strand, Michael Swords, Matthew Szydagis, Gerald T. Tedesco, John J. Tedesco, Massimo Teodorani, Jacques Vallée, Michaël Vaillant, Beatriz Villarroel, Wesley A. Watters, and others.

Published in the scientific journal Progress in Aerospace Sciences. Full paper available at: https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.06794

Presentation by Dr. Knuth available via the Scientific Coalition for UAP Studies website and on YouTube.

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Unexplained UFO Sightings in 1948 In 1948, numerous unexplained UFO sightings were reported, leading to investigations and hypotheses regarding their origin.

On May 7, 1948, witnesses in Memphis, Tennessee observed 50–60 metallic objects moving in unusual formations.

On July 24, Eastern Airlines Flight 576 encountered a wingless, fuselage-shaped object near Montgomery, Alabama.

Brigadier General Erik H. Nelson reported unidentified aircraft over Scandinavia, suggesting the existence of advanced technology beyond known nations.

In November 1948, the estimate of Project Sign suggested that UFOs were not of domestic origin and hinted at a possible extraterrestrial explanation, but the Pentagon ordered the memorandum destroyed.

The final SIGN report rejected the extraterrestrial hypothesis and led to the renaming of the program as Project Grudge.

Green Fireballs and Project Twinkle In late 1948, a series of green fireball sightings in New Mexico triggered military investigations and scientific inquiries.

Residents of Albuquerque reported green fireballs initially thought to be flares, but their increasing frequency raised concerns.

On December 5, 1948, multiple pilots reported bright green fireballs with unusual trajectories, prompting military investigations.

Astronomer Lincoln LaPaz concluded the objects were not meteors due to their flat trajectories and the absence of recovered meteorites.

A February 1949 conference determined the fireballs were likely non-meteoritic phenomena, leading to the creation of Project Twinkle.

Project Twinkle aimed to study luminous spheres but lacked sufficient funding and ultimately failed to reach firm conclusions, with key observations omitted from final reports.

Project Grudge and Public Perception Project Grudge, launched in 1949, continued UFO investigations but aimed to downplay extraterrestrial interpretations.

It replaced Project Sign and focused on routine intelligence-gathering regarding sightings.

In December 1949, Donald Keyhoe published an article claiming UFOs were extraterrestrial spacecraft, prompting the Air Force to minimize public concern.

In May 1949, six adults observed a round object over the Rogue River; despite credible witnesses, it was dismissed as an aircraft.

Reports frequently concluded that sightings were explainable, reflecting the Air Force’s intention to reassure the public.

Project Blue Book and Scientific Inquiry The Project Blue Book, established in 1952, aimed to investigate UFO sightings but ultimately focused on debunking them.

It succeeded Project Grudge and initially included serious investigations under Captain Edward Ruppelt.

The CIA criticized the Air Force’s handling of UFO cases, noting that about 20% remained unexplained.

The Robertson Panel recommended reducing public interest in UFOs and managing public perception, leading to stricter regulations for military personnel discussing the topic.

The Condon Report concluded that UFOs posed no threat and were unlikely to yield productive scientific study, resulting in the closure of Project Blue Book.

Canadian UFO Investigations: Project Magnet Canada’s Project Magnet, launched in 1950, aimed to explore the relationship between geomagnetic phenomena and UFO propulsion.

Led by Wilbert Smith, it investigated the possible role of Earth’s magnetic field in UFO technology.

The program established a Canadian Flying Saucer Observatory equipped with scientific instruments to measure anomalies.

Despite intensive efforts, Project Magnet was terminated in 1954 due to negative publicity and governmental skepticism.

Sky Canada Project: Current Research The Sky Canada Project, launched in 2022, aims to assess and manage UAP sightings in Canada.

It collects data from federal ministries and international partners, including G7 countries.

Preliminary reports indicate 600–1,000 sightings annually, with one in four Canadians claiming personal experience.

Recommendations include public data release, systematic investigations, and international research partnerships.

Historical UFO Research in France France’s interest in UFOs evolved from military concern to organized scientific research between 1940 and 1968.

Civilian and scientific groups emerged, including the Ouranos Committee.

Influential figures such as Jacques Vallée contributed to classification systems and scientific dialogue.

The GEPAN, established in 1977 under Claude Poher, conducted formal investigations.

The 1999 COMETA Report highlighted national security and technological implications.

CNES later restructured its efforts, creating GEIPAN in 2005, which digitized archives and opened them to the public in 2009.

Developments in UAP Research in Russia Scientific study of UAP in Russia fluctuated according to political and scientific climates.

In 1946, A.P. Kasantzev proposed linking the Tunguska event to extraterrestrial craft.

Research peaked between 1970–1986 with both civilian and military programs.

A 1971 U.S.–Soviet agreement acknowledged mutual concerns regarding unidentified objects affecting military operations.

In 2023, the Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics launched a UAP research initiative, inviting public submissions.

UAP Research and Initiatives in China China’s approach to UAP studies is characterized by state control and selective international cooperation.

The Chinese military developed a triple-reporting system using AI-based data analysis.

In 2015, an international UFO research group was formed, though China’s participation fluctuated.

The South China Morning Post reported increasing sightings, reflecting growing military and civilian interest.

The only officially confirmed UFO sighting occurred in 1998 at a military air base.

Summary of Global UAP Research Efforts Many nations have engaged in UAP research with varying levels of transparency and scientific rigor.

The United States, France, Russia, and China are among the most prominent.

Countries such as Argentina and Chile have demonstrated notable transparency by releasing declassified documents.

Numerous governments have established dedicated offices or committees to study UAP, reflecting growing global interest in the phenomenon.

UAP Activity Around Nuclear Facilities UAP have frequently been reported near nuclear facilities, raising concerns about national security implications.

Robert Hastings has documented UAP sightings at nuclear installations since 1973, conducting interviews with more than 150 military personnel.

A 1949 FBI memorandum highlighted unidentified aircraft observed near sensitive military facilities, including Los Alamos National Laboratory.

Reports describe UAP hovering above ICBM silos, with incidents allegedly involving temporary shutdowns of nuclear missiles.

A notable case occurred at Malmstrom Air Force Base in 1967, where UAP were reportedly associated with missile malfunctions.

Physical Evidence from UAP Encounters Physical evidence from UAP encounters is rare but has been documented in several notable cases.

The 1957 Ubatuba incident in Brazil involved debris reportedly from a UFO explosion; analyzed samples were described as highly pure magnesium.

The 1979 case of Deputy Val Johnson in Minnesota involved a collision with a luminous object, resulting in damage to his patrol car and unexplained injuries.

The 1971 landing in Delphos, Kansas left behind a glowing soil ring with unusual properties, which was chemically analyzed.

In 2014, a burning fragment that reportedly fell from a UAP in Delaware was studied, revealing palmitic acid and glassy materials.

Summary of UAP Landings UAP landing reports often describe physical traces, including chemical residues and environmental damage.

The 1966 Haynesville case involved an intense luminous event followed by bark sample analysis.

The Delphos landing created a ring of luminous soil with hydrophobic properties.

The 1971 Council Bluffs incident involved molten metal allegedly falling from a UAP; analyses reportedly ruled out meteoritic origin.

The Dabrowka, Poland case involved a mysterious hole without displaced soil, suggesting unusual drilling-like activity.

Soil Sample Analysis from a UFO-Related Incident Soil samples collected from a hole allegedly associated with a UFO revealed distinct mineral compositions.

Samples were taken from 0.5 meters depth inside the hole and compared with a control sample taken 10 meters away.

Phyllis Budinger analyzed the samples, focusing on calcium oxalate, which was absent.

The soil from the hole contained mainly quartz, kaolinite, and calcium carbonate, whereas the control sample lacked kaolinite and calcium carbonate.

Budinger noted that the control sample should have been taken at the same depth for accurate comparison.

Characteristics and Studies of “Angel Hair” “Angel Hair,” a fibrous substance sometimes associated with UAP sightings, has been examined for biological origin.

It is described as a sticky, white fibrous material resembling spider silk that occasionally falls from the sky.

Budinger analyzed various samples, some unrelated to UAP, concluding that many had biological origins.

A 2005 Colorado case identified fibers as protein material, likely from caterpillars.

Cases in Iowa (1981) and Illinois (2016) linked similar fibers to caterpillar silk.

A 2000 West Virginia sample transformed into a gelatinous substance; analysis suggested similarity to caterpillar silk.

Observations describe transitions from air to water, suggesting performance beyond known human technology.

Historical accounts of USOs (Unidentified Submerged Objects) date back centuries.

Recent military encounters have emphasized the need to understand underwater UAP behavior, with the Pentagon acknowledging potential national security implications.

Ongoing Scientific Studies on UAP Several scientific initiatives are currently applying rigorous methodologies to UAP research.